Simply Psychology, Second Edition

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A delicate balance is required from the parent. They must try not to do everything for the child, but if the child fails at a particular task, they must not criticize the child for failures and accidents (particularly when toilet training). On the other hand, individuals who choose not to have children or those who cannot have children can also achieve generativity through other nurturing behaviors, such as mentoring or engaging in activities that positively impact the younger generation. Fonagy (1981) questions whether attempts to validate Freud’s approach through laboratory tests have any validity themselves.

According to Erikson, this is important to forming a strong identity and developing a sense of direction in life. At the beginning of 1908, the committee had 22 members and was renamed the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud diverged on several key concepts. Jung disagreed with Freud’s view of the unconscious as a repository of repressed desires, proposing a collective unconscious housing shared ancestral memories instead. Jung also redefined libido as a general life force, not merely sexual energy. Furthermore, while Freud saw religion as an illusion, Jung considered it essential to the human experience. These disagreements led to a break between Freud and Jung around 1912-1913, after which Jung developed his own theoretical framework, analytical psychology. Despite their differences, both made substantial and lasting contributions to the field of psychology. Neo-Freudians

Although changes in the occurrence of symptoms might be a suitable way of measuring the effectiveness of behaviorist techniques, the effectiveness of psychoanalytic therapy, which typically spans several years, is more subjective, measurable only by the extent to which the clients themselves feel that their condition has improved . Learning from Mistakes: Exploration also means making mistakes, and these provide crucial learning opportunities. Even if a child’s efforts lead to mistakes or failures, they learn to understand cause and effect and their role in influencing outcomes. Work: In this stage, individuals often focus heavily on their careers. Meaningful work is a way that adults can feel productive and gain a sense of contributing to the world. For example, the autonomy vs. shame and doubt crisis in early childhood may play out differently in cultures where obedience and conformity to elders is prioritized over individual choice. Likewise, the identity crisis of adolescence may be less pronounced in collectivist cultures. Carl Jung: Jung (1875 – 1961) was a close associate of Freud but split due to theoretical disagreements. He developed the concept of analytical psychology, emphasizing the collective unconscious, which houses universal symbols or archetypes shared by all human beings. He also introduced the idea of introversion and extraversion.

In psychoanalysis, transference is seen as essential to a complete cure. Analysts use the fact that transference is developing as a sign that an important repressed conflict is nearing the surface. Countertransference Freud’s theory questions the very basis of a rationalist, scientific approach and could well be seen as a critique of science, rather than science rejecting psychoanalysis because it is not susceptible to refutation. Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development provide a useful framework for mental health providers treating patients facing major life adjustments or developmental turning points.It sets the stage for their perspective on the world as being either a safe, dependable place or a place where their needs may not be met. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world. Anna Freud: Freud’s youngest daughter significantly contributed to psychoanalysis, particularly in child psychology. Anna Freud (1895 – 1982) expanded on her father’s work, emphasizing the importance of ego defenses in managing conflict and preserving mental health.

Development of Industry: At school, children are given numerous opportunities to learn, achieve, and demonstrate their competencies. They work on various projects, participate in different activities, and collaborate with their peers.

Erikson claims adolescents may feel uncomfortable about their bodies until they can adapt and “grow into” the changes. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of fidelity. If the child cannot develop the specific skill they feel society demands (e.g., being athletic), they may develop a sense of Inferiority.

If adults can find satisfaction and a sense of contribution through these roles, they are more likely to develop a sense of generativity, leading to feelings of productivity and fulfillment.

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Too much guilt can slow the child’s interaction with others and may inhibit their creativity. Some guilt is, of course, necessary; otherwise the child would not know how to exercise self-control or have a conscience. Intimacy versus isolation is the sixth stage of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. This stage takes place during young adulthood between the ages of approximately 18 to 40 yrs. During this stage, the major conflict centers on forming intimate, loving relationships with other people. Here’s the conflict: The conflicts emphasized in each stage reflect values like independence, autonomy, and productivity, which are deeply ingrained in Western individualistic cultures. However, the theory may not translate well to more collectivistic cultures that value interdependence, social harmony, and shared responsibility. According to the theory, successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and the acquisition of basic virtues. Basic virtues are characteristic strengths that the ego can use to resolve subsequent crises.